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Everything You Need To Know About PVC Plastic-1
2021 / 12 / 22
What is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), and What is it Used For?Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastic polymers worldwide (next to only a few more widely used plastics like PET and P.P.). It is naturally white and very brittle (before the additions of plasticizers) plastic. PVC has been around longer than most plastics, first synthesized in 1872 and commercially produced by B.F. Goodrich Company in the 1920s. By comparison, many other common plastics were first synthesized and commercially viable only in the 1940s and 1950s. It is used most commonly in the construction industry and is also used for signs, healthcare applications, and fiber for clothing. PVC was accidentally discovered twice, once in 1832 by French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, and then rediscovered in 1872 by a German man named Eugene Baumann.
Everything You Need To Know About PVC Plastic-2
2021 / 12 / 22
The Base Forms and Functions of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)PVC is produced in two general forms: a rigid or unplasticized polymer (RPVC or uPVC), and the second as a flexible plastic. In its base form, PVC is characterized by its rigid yet brittle structure. While the plasticized version holds various uses across multiple industries, the rigid version of PVC also has its share of uses. Industries such as plumbing, sewage, and agriculture can utilize rigid PVC across many functions. Flexible, plasticized, or regular PVC is softer and more amenable to bending than uPVC due to the addition of plasticizers like phthalates (e.g., diisononyl phthalate or DINP). Flexible PVC is commonly used in construction as insulation on electrical wires or in flooring for homes, hospitals, schools, and other areas where a sterile environment is a priority. In some cases, PVC can act as an effective replacement for rubber. Rigid PVC is also used in construction as a pipe for plumbing and siding, commonly referred to by the term "vinyl" in the United States. PVC pipe is often referred to by its "schedule" (e.g., Schedule 40 or Schedule 80). Significant differences between the schedules include things like wall thickness, pressure rating, and color.Some of PVC plastic's most important characteristics include its relatively low price, its resistance to environmental degradation (as well as to chemicals and alkalis), high hardness, and outstanding tensile strength for plastic in the case of rigid PVC. PVC remains widely available, commonly used, and easily recyclable (categorized by resin identification code "3").
The Internal And External Lubrication Of PVC Lubricant
2021 / 12 / 18
Lubricant is an indispensable additive in PVC processing. For lubricants, the commonly referred function in industry`s can be summarized in two points, they are: it reduces the friction pre-melting particles of polyvinyl chloride and the macromolecules in the polyvinyl chloride melt. It is actually the most typical summary of the two aspects of lubricant action (internal and external lubrication). Then, we will discuss and analyze the internal and external lubrication of PVC lubricant from the technical level for you. 1.Internal lubrication In terms of PVC, the internal lubrication of the lubricant and the plasticizer can be regarded as the same kind of material, playing the role of plasticizing or softening. The difference is that the polarity of the lubricant is lower and the carbon chain is longer. Therefore, compared with plasticizers, lubricants and PVC are less compatible. Lubricants are i
What will happen if PVC lubricant is not used well?
2021 / 12 / 18
What will happen if PVC lubricant is not used well?[Small dosage, large effect" . This sentence is an appropriate description of PVC lubricant. The function of PVC lubricant is no less than stabilizer in the role of PVC processing. Generally, its use needs to follow strict principles, such as slippery balance inside and outside, right amount moderate etc. If the degree of significance of PVC lubricant is not enough, and we do not follow principles that should be observed, what will happen if PVC lubricant is not used well?A.Imbalance of internal and external lubrication.Too much external lubrication. The extrusion speed is fast, the material is easy to produce, and the plasticization is not good. Too much internal lubrication. There will be large extrusion and poor plasticization of materials. Poor initial lubrication will make the extrusion torque larger. Insufficient lubrication in the later stage will lead to insufficient lubrication in screw homogenization section, compression section and die section, violent shear of materials, which will affect the surface quality and internal performance of extruded products. More seriously, it even causes decomposition.B.Excess lubricant.C.Excess lubricant is not always better.Lubricant is incompatible with PVC resin. Too much lubricant will have a bad effect on PVC blending system. Lubrication of internal and external balance, is balance within a certain limit because the mixing system of lubricant and PVC has bad effect. In the actual production, there are many processing problems related to thermal stability and many defects of the products. The root cause may be the excessive amount of lubricant.
mechanism of internal lubricant TL60
2021 / 12 / 18
Internal Lubricant TL60 is actually a polyols phthalic acid ester,it has excellent dispersion and good transparency. equivalent performance with LOXIOL G60. It can be used in all kinds of PVC products application as an internal lubricant.The role of PVC lubricants is to reduce the internal friction between polymer molecular chains. It can optimize the processing characteristics of plastics and improve the rheology of the polymer melt by reducing melt viscosity and friction during processing.it helps reduce friction and viscosity of polymer melt after fusion and improve dispersion of filler.Application:1.In the process of PVC product producing,it has well lubrication,non- precipitating,excess will not harmful.2.In the process of PVC product producing,discharge stability,reduce melt pressure,improveliquidity. 3.Suggestion adding amount:0.3%-1% contact more with:mandyzhang@novistagroup.com
Glass fiber effects on plastics
2021 / 12 / 18
Glass fiber reinforced plastic is based on the original pure plastic, adding glass fiber and other additives to increase the use range of the material. Generally speaking, most of the glass fiber reinforced materials are mostly used in the structural parts of the product, which is a structural engineering material, such as: PP, ABS, PA66, PA6, PC, POM, PPO, PET, PBT, PPS, etc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of glass fiber reinforced plastics? advantage After glass fiber is reinforced, glass fiber is a high temperature resistant material. Therefore, the heat-resistant temperature of reinforced plastics is much higher than before without glass fiber, especially nylon plastics; After the glass fiber is reinforced, the addition of glass fiber limits the mutual movement of the polymer chains of the plastic. Therefore, the shrinkage rate of the reinforced plastic drops a lot
Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Types of Flame Retardants Used in EEE Applications
2021 / 12 / 18
Flame retardants are an important component in reducing the devastating impact of fires on people, property and the environment. Their areas of application in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) vary depending on the materials being used, the function of the product, and the level of fire resistance that must be achieved based on fire safety standards. Flame retardants have unique characteristics, and, as a result, need to be matched appropriately to the materials used. In wires and cables, for example, the flame retardants used must meet fire safety requirements developed specifically for these products because they have the potential for spreading a fire to the electrical socket, and to walls and curtains. The level of flame retardancy required for printed wiring boards used in consumer mobile phones is different than that of wiring boards used in computer servers or in telecommunications or aerospace applications. Higher electrical and mechanical performance demands must be met with flame retardants that can achieve higher flammability and fire resistance standards, without affecting a product`s performance specifications. When it comes to fire safety, one size does not fit all. Specific flame retardants must be selected carefully to meet fire safety standards, electrical and mechanical requirements. The following classes of flame retardants used in EEE include: · Bromine-based
EEE Products that Use Flame Retardants
2021 / 12 / 18
The use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is pervasive everywhere we live, work and do business. We rely on these products and devices to work properly-and safely-and we rarely think about how they are made. Flame retardants are incorporated into a wide variety of electrical and electronic products used by consumers, businesses, and the medical and transportation industries to meet fire safety standards. These include complex electrical and electronic devices that demand high performance electrical properties, but must also have important fire-resistant characteristics, such as those used in military applications. The diverse EEE applications and product uses, from the USB ports and insulated cables we plug into our computers to the printed wiring boards in the control panels of jets, all have different flame retardant needs. As a result, flame retardant solutions are carefully matched to the materials used in each application. Learn more about how flame retardants work. Some of the many examples of products that rely on flame retardants to achieve flammability standards include: Consumer electronics (i.e., smart phones, TV sets, DVRs, laptops)
Innovations and Advances in PVC Technology-2
2021 / 12 / 16
This pipe offers increased hydraulic capacity and requires less energy use in production than PVC-U and other materials. PVC-O is lighter in weight making it easier to transport and work with. The material retains its strength in a wide range of temperatures and is highly impact resistant.Fusible PVC is providing enormous benefits to trenchless technology. This pipe is extremely useful for replacing broken or damaged cast iron pipe. Cost savings are increased with a continuous pipe requiring no seal rings. Fusible PVC is being used in pressure and non-pressure lines and wastewater applications.Modifying polymers added to PVC produce PVC-M pipe. PVC-M shows superior strength and resistance to cracks or scratches. The pipe can also be made with a thinner wall, reducing the material cost, while still offering the same durability.
Innovations and Advances in PVC Technology-3
2021 / 12 / 16
PVC Compound Some companies have developed a renewable modifier for PVC that increases the strength and resists fungi and biodegradation. PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate), a biobased copolymer, offers improved processing with all PVC compounds.While the PHA polymer is biodegradable, when used in a non-biodegradable polymer, the biodegradation process is not increased. The modifier does not migrate and provides easier handling and processing. This formulation allows for using a single product in formulation to eliminate multiple modifiers and processing steps.The PHA modifier gives higher flexibility and impact resistance to flexible and semi-rigid PVC. A next-generation PHA is being optimized for rigid PVC in outdoor use. The modifier should combat the poor light stability and oxidation of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and MBS (Methaacrylate Butadiene Styrene
Impact Modifier Industry Status in china
2021 / 12 / 13
Companies that produce impact modifiers, especially ACR and MBS production companies, implement technology monopoly, basically do not transfer technology, and set up factories in Asia close to market regions individually or jointly in order to occupy potential markets. In the future, the development of global impact modifiers will be dominated by ACR and MBS. In addition to being used in PVC processing, impact modifiers are being extended to PC, PBT, nylon, ABS and other resins to improve processing performance and increase impact strength.
Introduction To The Characteristics Of Impact Modifiers
2021 / 12 / 12
According to a report by the American Plastics Industry Consulting Corporation, the global market demand for plastic impact modifiers in 2004 was 600,000 tons (approximately $1.5 billion in market value), among which styrene copolymers such as ABS, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-benzene Ethylene (MBS) has become the largest category of impact modifiers, accounting for about 45% of the market share, and acrylics accounted for nearly 30%; elastomers including EPDM and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) account for about 10% of the market share; chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) ) Accounted for 10%, others accounted for 5%. It is predicted that between 2004 and 2009, the average annual growth rate of styrene impact modifiers will be less than 3%, while the average growth rate of other types will be 5%-6%. Since PVC is the largest used variety of impact modifiers, occupying about 80% of the volume, the increase in demand for PVC will also drive the demand for impact modifiers. Engineering plastic resins such as PC, polyamide (PA), polyester, etc. consume about 10% of impact modifiers. As the demand for engineering plastics is growing strongly, the consumption of impact modifiers is increasing. Polyolefin resin consumes about 10% of impact modifier. Experts pointed out that the development trend of impact modifiers in the future is better performance, cheaper price, faster action, improving the performance of the main material or making the components thinner under the premise of ensuring the performance. Among foreign companies, such as Arkema's Durastrength products can significantly improve the impact resistance of PVC. In addition, Compton, DuPont, Dow Chemical and other companies have launched their own suitable products.
2021 / 12 / 11
PVC dry blends and compounds are becoming increasingly popular as a result of their versatility and cost-effectiveness. Individually formulated NOVISTA additives are used especially for highly filled thermoplastic applications where common additives reach their limits. These products are particularly suited to inorganic pigments and fillers. This results in higher filling levels and a homogeneous distribution of fillers. These additives affect both the plastification process and the melting properties of the blends.NOVISTA processing additives also enhance the release properties of the material, thereby increasing the efficiency of the production processes. PVC Impact Modifier PVC Additives PVC Processing Aid Acrylic Impact Modifier Acrylic Processing Aid PVC Heat Stabilizer PVC Lubricant CPVC Compound CPVC Additives
2021 / 12 / 11
Flame retardants are a kind of auxiliaries that can prevent plastic from igniting or inhibit flame propagation. They are often used in modified enterprises to improve the flame retardant properties of plastics.According to the method of its use, it can be divided into two types: additive type and reactive type. The added type flame retardant is incorporated into plastic during the processing of plastic, and is mostly used for thermoplastics. The reactive flame retardant is chemically bonded to the polymer molecular chain as a monomer during polymer synthesis, and is mostly used for thermosetting plastics. Some reactive flame retardants can also be used as additive flame retardants.According to the chemical structure, the flame retardant can be further divided into inorganic and organic types. Among these compounds, halogen and phosphorus are contained, and some elements such as bismuth, boron and aluminum are contained. Today we focus on the flame retardant effect of flame retardants.Flame retardant effect of a barrier agentThe flame retardant effect of a flame retardant is the speed at which physical or chemical changes can be prevented or inhibited during the combustion of the polymer material. Specifically, these effects are reflected in the following aspects.Endothermic effectIts function is to make the temperature rise of the polymer material difficult. For example, borax has 10 molecules of water of crystallization. Since the crystal water is released, 141.8 kJ/mol of heat is taken, and the temperature rise of the material is absorbed by the heat absorption. Suppressed, resulting in a flame retardant effect. The flame retardant
The importance of Halogen-free flame retardant
2021 / 12 / 11
Halogen-free is a phrase that many of us recognise. It is often used in connection with cable products, and is generally understood to be a good thing. But why is being free of halogens a good thing, and what are halogens in the first place? Halogen is the name used to describe a group of elements on the periodic table that exhibit similar properties. These elements are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine Halogens are particularly useful elements in a wide variety of applications, from disinfectants to lighting. They are even essential for good health - with the exception of Astatine, the human body contains small amounts of all of the halogens. For the purposes of this article, their most useful application is a constituent compound used in electrical cables. One of the most popular cabling materials in use today is PVC (P
Study on Overall Effectiveness of Flame Retardants.
2021 / 12 / 11
There has been some confusion in the media about one particular study that evaluates the benefits of flame retardants- Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire-Retarded and Non-Fire-Retarded Products , V. Babrauskas et., al (1988). The U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards completed study, which was sponsored by the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association. The study was intended to measure the overall effectiveness of flame retardants, not any one fire standard. It does this objectively. Specifically, the study tests five product types: Polystyrene television cabinet Polyphenylene oxide business machine housing Polyurethane foam-padded upholstered chair Electrical cable with polyethylene wire insulation and rubber jacketing Polyester/glass electric circuit board. The study authors tested both the individual products as well as a simulated room that contained all of the products. In evaluating the simulated room, the following conclusions were stated: [For the FR [fire retardants] tests, the average available escape time was more than 15-fold greater than for the occupants of the NFR [non-fire retarded] room. With regard to the production of combustion products:
Heat stabilizer market ready for product changes-1
2021 / 12 / 07
PVC (polyvinylchloride) is a versatile polymer, either rigid or plasticized to yield a flexible plastic. It requires, however, a heat stabilizer. PVC is employed in many applications ranging from flooring, cable, and film made from plasticized vinyl to pipe, profiles, and sheets processed from rigid PVC. However, PVC can only be processed in the presence of heat-stabilizing additives to avoid changes in the chemical structure caused by elevated temperatures and mechanical stresses. Over the last decades lead (Pb) stabilizers were used to stabilize most rigid PVC worldwide except in North America, where tin (Sn) stabilizers dominated. Both systems show similar price/performance ratios; technically, they are incompatible with each other, cannot be recycled together, and thus are used exclusively in selective markets. Now a trend toward stabilizers based on calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) as well as organic compounds is emerging. Use of these additives is mainly driven by voluntary commitments, such as the Vinyl 2010 initiative by the European PVC industry, started by key PVC industry players in 2000. It is a 15-year-program to meet the challenges of sustainable development and continuous environmental improvement throughout the European PVC sector. Stabilizer systems based on calcium/zinc (CaZn) deliver some advantages over lead and tin stabilizers. They combine easy handling with good final product properties and excellent outdoor weathering performance. Like lead stabilizers, the are mostly offered as customized one packs. On the other hand, they are more product-specific, often requiring custom formulation for individual applications, when compared to lead-based stabilizer systems. The cost of CaZn stabilizers is now similar to lead stabilizers. To get the complete picture, prices should be compared based on a similar unit length of final product. At first glance CaZn is more expen
Heat stabilizer market ready for product changes-2
2021 / 12 / 07
The use of the different stabilizer systems differs not only from region to region, but also from application to application. Extruded PVC profiles are products with good physical properties that meet the most demanding economic and ecological requirements. Applications include window and door frames, shutters, cable ducting, siding, and gutters, to name a few. In the profile sector, lead stabilizers are still widely used because of their good processability, favorable cost/performance ratio, and outstanding heat stability. However, CaZn stabilizers now possess a considerable market share in Europe since they have evolved out of expensive stabilizers based on metal soaps and polyoles to more elaborate systems comprised of effective inorganic acid scavengers and organic costabilizers. In terms of processing properties, the tendency of CaZn stabilizers to plate-out in tools and calibration has been reduced to the same level as lead. When processed with suitable lubricant systems, CaZn-stabilized profiles compare favorably with lead-stabilized profiles in terms of processability and surface gloss. Weathering performance is a critical issue in stabilization of building profiles. Testing indicates CaZn stabilizers achieve a better color hold than traditional lead systems. This effect is particularly relevant for dark colored profiles where additional cost savings may be realized by lower colorant requirements due to the reduced whitening pigment effect of CaZn compared to lead. Liquid tin stabilizers used in the United States require a high dosage of titanium dioxide (TiO2) for sufficient weathering stability. Widely used solid lead stabilizers work with a much lower TiO2 level even under extreme weathering conditions. Looking to the future, modest changes away from tin stabilizers in the United States are expected, whereas lead systems in Europe will increasingly be replaced by CaZ
Heat stabilizer market ready for product changes-3
2021 / 12 / 07
At the moment, the PVC pipes and fittings sector is seeing the development of lead-free stabilizers based on calcium compounds. The core stabilizer comprises an inorganic acid scavenger, a calcium soap, and additional lubricants to achieve basic stabilization of compact pipes. To improve early color, color hold, and weatherability of the final product, either zinc compounds or organic costabilizers are added to yield calcium/zinc or calcium-organic systems, respectively. Fine adjustments in composition can be made to serve a variety of applications. Up to now, calcium/zinc stabilizers offer price advantages over their calcium-organic counterparts. Plasticized PVC has been used to produce cable and wire insulation and sheathing for more than 50 years. It is still enjoying a healthy market share. For technical reasons, lead was traditionally used worldwide as the main stabilizer in the cable sector. CaZn systems for PVC cables and wires have gained importance during the last few years and their demand is still growing. Today the different heat stabilizers for cables and wires compete with each other in terms of cost, performance, and processing properties. In addition, ecological considerations and statutory requirements have become increasingly important. The EU ELV (end-of-life vehicle) directive makes it difficult and expensive to recycle or dump lead-containing materials. Therefore, the automotive industry has moved toward CaZn. Meanwhile the majority of cables, especially for high-temperature applications, are stabilized with CaZn. In Europe, CaZn stabilizers already hold a larger market share than lead. They provide excellent electrical properties, very good color, outstanding heat stability, good heat aging properties, and are in some cases superior to lead. Lead and calcium/zinc PVC stabilizers are usually delivered as so-called one-packs, not only containing the heat stabilizers but al
2021 / 12 / 04
1. Less PVC internal lubrication and more PVC external lubricationIt takes a long time to plasticize, the fluidity of molten materials is poor, the plasticizing torque is large, the mechanical properties of the products are decreased, the products become brittle, and the precipitation phenomenon may occur. In serious cases, the oil sample can be felt by hand2. More PVC internal lubrication and less PVC external lubricationThe plasticizing time is short, there is a heavy adhesion phenomenon, the surface gloss of the product is poor, and the thermal stability may become poor. If the total amount of lubricant is not enough, there will be adhesion and short plasticizing time; if the total amount of lubricant is too much, the mechanical properties will decline and precipitation may occur.If the amount of lubricant in PVC is insufficient, the plasticizing torque will be larger and the plasticizing time will be longer; if the amount of lubricant is excessive, the plasticizing time will be shorter, the plasticizing torque will be smaller, the thermal stability time will be shorter, there will be thermal decomposition phenomenon, and the inner wall of the product will not be smooth.3. The lubrication balance can be judged by the plasticization of the material in the extruderThe plasticizing time of the lubrication balance system on the torque rheological curve corresponds to the position of about 2 / 3 of the extruder, that is, the position where the plasticizing section of the extruder will end and the homogenizing section will begin.If it is not the lubrication balance system, the plasticizing time corresponding to the position of extruder will be changed.If the position of extruder corresponding to the plasticizing time is less than 2 / 3, the product will be over plasticized, which may cause thermal decomposition and yellowing of PVC-U; if the position of extruder corresp
Key points in the design of PVC formula lubrication system
2021 / 12 / 04
Key points in the design of PVC formula lubrication system 1. Complete lubrication system =PVC external lubricant +PVC external / internal lubricant + PVC internal lubricant 2. The simpler the composition of the lubrication system, the better. The more components, the more problems and side effects may occur 3. The amount of internal sliding agent is more than that of external sliding agent. 4. Adding internal sliding agent can improve physical properties and reduce precipitation to a certain extent Use ester and wax together to increase lubrication effect. It can reduce the amount of addition and precipitation at the same time
Basic Theory Of PVC Lubricants
2021 / 12 / 04
1. Interface chemistry theory The melt of PVC is regarded as a phase system, and the PVC external lubricant or internal / external lubricant is regarded as a surfactant. The performance and characteristics of lubricant in production are explained by the theory of interface chemistry. The non-polar PE wax, paraffin wax and other pure slip agents are regarded as non-polar substances at both ends. Products such as ester lubricants, oxidized polyethylene wax, etc., which have polarity at one end and non polarity at the other end, are regarded as surfactants. 2. Similar dissolving principle Two substances with similar structure or polarity (solute and solvent) can dissolve each other, which is an important principle of similar solubility in chemistry. In the theory of guiding the use of humectants, the principle of similar solubility is the most widely used. Regarding PVC melt as a solvent system, lubricant melt is solute. Similar solubility leads to the concept of solubility and saturation. Any substance has a certain solubility in another substance. If it exceeds the saturation of dissolution, it will not dissolve and precipitate. Similarly, the total amount of any substance of the same kind has a certain solubility in another substance. If the total amount exceeds the saturation, it will precipitate. When we design the formula, we focus on this guiding theory. As long as we meet the production and product performance, we try to reduce the total amount of all lubricants, including the total amount of the same kind of lubricants, so that we can effectively reduce or avoid precipitation. 3. Laminar slip model It is assumed that the motion behavior of the film formed between the melt surface and the metal surface by different types of PVC external lubricants conforms to the model theory of fluid laminar flow and
Flame retardant mechanism in textiles
2021 / 12 / 04
Flame-retardant textiles can be seen everywhere in our lives, and their applications cover many fields such as daily life, industry, agriculture, medical defense, aerospace, transportation, and military. So, do you know how flame-retardant textiles achieve flame-retardant effects? Flame retardant mechanism Most of the textiles in our daily life are made of chemical fibers, cellulose fibers or a variety of fiber blends. Under the condition of a heat source, the heat can cause the fiber material to crack and produce combustible substances. These decomposition products will continue to oxidize and burn in the flame, and release a lot of heat, which will promote the continuous cracking of the fiber material and accelerate the combustion. The conditions for fabric burning are combustible materials, combustion-supporting materials and fire sources. Only by analyzing the conditions and processes of combustion can different flame retardant mechanisms be adopted according to the combustion process. The flame-retardant finishing refers to the post-finishing of the fabric to reduce its flammability when exposed to an external heat source, delay the spread of combustion, and quickly extinguish the flame after removing the external heat source. For the combustion process of fabrics, flame retardancy is to cut off the circulation system of the interaction between the heat source, fabric and oxygen.
Major categories of flame retardants
2021 / 12 / 04
From mattresses to televisions, children`s toys to carpet padding, we are surrounded by products that contain flame retardants. These chemicals are added to materials or products to prevent or slow the spread of fire. They are broken down into the following 5 major categories: 1. Halogen: Within this class of flame retardants includes chlorine-based systems but perhaps the most well-known are Bromine Flame Retardants (BRFs). BFRs are commonly used by those within the electronics industry and also within textiles, construction products, and coatings. Bromine is used because it releases active bromine atoms into the gas phase before the material reaches its ignition temperature, which quenches the chemical reactions occurring within the flame. This can prevent the burning process from occurring or can slow it such that other measures can be taken to extinguish the fire. This is an example of the vapor phase inhibition approach. One major issue with this type of flame retardant is they are becoming increasingly banned within products due to safety concerns. The RoHS directive, for example, specifically limits the amount of polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers that can be found within appliances, IT equipment, lighting equipment, medical devices, toys, and semiconductors, amongst other product categories. 2. Inorganic Flame Retardants: Many inorganic compounds are used as flame retardants or a catalyst within a flame retardant system. When it comes to flame retardants these materials often have to be used in large concentrations to achieve desired re
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